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- ESSAY, Page 96Can America Stand Alone?
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- By Charles Krauthammer
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- Has there ever been a more reluctant superpower than
- America? Has any great power taken less pleasure in its foreign
- adventures? I doubt it. As shown yet again in the Persian Gulf,
- the U.S. is the world leader, and Americans hate the job. The
- idea that the world is an arena of unending conflict repels
- Americans. It means that a superpower's work is never done.
-
- Don't we get time off? Just weeks after winning the cold
- war, we face a new war in the gulf. Like Americans going off
- to Korea just five years after V-J day, we feel uneasy,
- disappointed. The more disturbed among us feel betrayed. They
- need to conjure up some conspiracy, some alien force (Jews,
- imagines the fevered Pat Buchanan) dragging us again to war.
-
- The reluctant superpower seeks an end to toil. Which is why
- Americans are endlessly resourceful in trying to evade the
- burdens of history. First, there was the isolationism of the
- '20s and '30s. Then, during the cold war, the American left
- counseled abdication, denying either that the cold war existed
- or that it was anything more than a cozy arrangement to keep
- the Pentagon and the paranoid right happy.
-
- Next, the cold war was won. In the accompanying euphoria,
- the idea was born that having once again won the war to end all
- wars, the U.S. could finally lay down its burdens. Calls rang
- out for cutting the defense budget in half by the end of the
- decade. The New Yorker, with its unerring instinct for the
- politically trendy and the politically stupid, suggested
- (quoting Daniel Ellsberg) doing the 50% cut right now. In
- Congress the rush was on for wholesale American demobilization.
- A reporter, complaining at a Feb. 12 White House press
- conference about "out of sync" defense spending, asked the
- President, "Who's the enemy?"
-
- Well, now we know. Saddam Hussein has reminded Americans the
- world is a nasty place. Americans do not appreciate the
- reminder. They find it hard to accept the fact that as the
- planet's only remaining superpower, the U.S. is the one nation
- that can, and therefore must, face down the nasties.
-
- Hence the search for another way to avoid the crushing
- burdens of superpower responsibility. The search has borne
- fruit. The newest panacea for getting us off the hook has been
- found: the U.N., multilateralism, collective security. Woodrow
- Wilson's great dream that the world would respond to aggression
- by acting collectively rather than having to rely on a
- policeman (i.e., us) is finally coming true.
-
- What a dream. What an illusion.
-
- What is happening in the gulf is not collective security but
- a coincidence of interests. And it is hardly collective.
- Without the U.S. leading, prodding, bribing and blackmailing,
- no one would have stirred. Nothing would have been done: no
- embargo, no Desert Shield. The world would have written off
- Kuwait the way the last body pledged to collective security,
- the League of Nations, wrote off Abyssinia.
-
- Last week the commanders of both Egyptian and Syrian forces
- in Saudi Arabia declared that they would not take part in any
- counterinvasion of Kuwait. In Kuwait, as in Korea (our most
- recent exercise in collective security), if war comes it is
- America that will carry the fight. When the Iraqis complain
- that the anti-Iraq coalition, the U.N. front, the whole
- multi-lateral apparatus, is little more than a cover for an
- assertion of American power, they exaggerate only slightly.
-
- Nothing wrong with cover. It is nice to have. It is always
- good to enter a conflict with lots of people cheering you on
- and saying how noble your cause. It is still nicer to have
- others standing on the front line with you, even though they
- are only a token force.
-
- Multilateralism is fine. But it carries two dangers. First,
- that we will mistake illusion (world opinion, U.N. resolutions,
- professions of solidarity) for the real thing (American power),
- and assume that if we dispense with the real thing, illusion
- will get us to where we are going.
-
- The second danger is that multi-lateralism will become a
- fetish. The need to nurture it can actually become a hindrance
- to the exercise of real, effective power. There are voices
- arguing that the U.S. should not do anything in the gulf --
- undertake military action, for example -- that might jeopardize
- the grand coalition it has put together. This is to confuse
- means and ends. The coalition is a means to getting Iraq out
- of Kuwait. It is not an end in itself. As long as the means
- serves the end, it is worth having. If there comes a point at
- which holding the coalition together prevents us from achieving
- the objective, then surely the objective takes precedence.
-
- The great danger with any collective action is that the more
- partners you have, the less you can do. U.N. resolutions,
- Security Council support, Soviet backing, allied troops and
- Japanese money are all very welcome in this or any other
- American geopolitical exertion. They are welcome but they
- cannot be made essential. Otherwise, American policy becomes
- prisoner to its partners' wishes. The more partners, the more
- wishes. Options become constrained, the chances of success
- diminished.
-
- The point of policy, after all, is success. It is not to
- feel good. It is not international applause. It is not to hold
- coalitions for the sake of coalitions. It is to achieve ends.
- If coalitions help, fine. Otherwise, they cannot be allowed to
- paralyze policy.
-
- President Bush says it is not America against Iraq but the
- world against Iraq. In fact, it is America, with some friends
- following carefully behind. Collective security is a diplomatic
- myth: convenient to use, dangerous to believe.
-
- History has been severe with America. After reluctantly
- joining and decisively winning the three great wars of this
- century (World War I, World War II and the cold war), America
- is permitted no rest. It keeps getting stuck with the job not
- just of protecting itself but of imposing order on a disorderly
- world. Collective security is only the latest myth seized upon
- by Americans desperate to believe they have found their
- well-deserved escape from the burdens of history.
-
- Unfortunately, and unfairly, they have not.
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